Fitness cardiorrespiratorio estimado mediante ecuación y su caracterización sociodemográfica en población chilena: Resultados de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud 2016-2017

Background: Cardiorespiratory fitness is a strong predictor of mortality and chronic diseases. However, its estimation is costly and time consuming which may limit it broad use in population-based studies. Aim: To estimate the cardiorespiratory fitness of the Chilean population by using equations and to characterize fitness levels of the Chilean population by sociodemographic factors. Material and Methods: This cross-sectional study included 5,958 adults from the Chilean Health Survey conducted between 2016 and 2017. Cardiorespiratory fitness was estimated from sex-specific equations for men and women and expressed as METs (Energy Metabolic Equivalent). Fitness levels were characterized by sociodemographics factors (age, sex, education, income and area of residency). Results: Fitness levels were higher in men (9.01 METs) than in women (6.76 METs) and in average decrease by 0.59 and 0.34 METs per each year increment in age for men and women, respectively. Fitness levels were 12.7 METs and 7.8 METs for 20-year-old men and women, respectively. However, fitness levels decreased to 7.8 METs and 4.3 METs in 90-year-old men and women, respectively. Fitness levels were also higher in individuals living in urban setting, those with higher education or income levels and lean individuals. Conclusions: This study reports fitness levels in a nationally representative sample of Chile. Fitness levels were higher in men than women however, its decline with age was more pronounce in men than women.

Capacidad cardiopulmonar en sujetos sanos medida por método directo y prueba de campo / Cardiopulmonary capacity in healthy subjects measured by direct method and field test

Resumen La prueba de caminata de seis minutos se ha aplicado generalmente en enfermos, y algunos estudios han propuesto modelos para predecir el consumo máximo de oxígeno. Nuestro objetivo fue elaborar una ecuación para predecir el consumo máximo de oxígeno en la prueba de caminata de seis minutos para estudiantes universitarios. Participaron 140 estudiantes. Se aplicó el test de marcha y después se realizó una prueba de ejercicio gradual para determinar el consumo máximo de oxígeno. Se elaboró una ecuación multivariada y el análisis se hizo con el programa SPSS v.22 (p < 0.05). El modelo predictivo incluyó el sexo, edad, índice de masa corporal, distancia recorrida y la frecuencia cardíaca de recuperación (r = 0.83; p < 0.001). La ecuación cumplió con los supuestos de independencia (p = 0.13), de normalidad (p = 0.49) y de homocedasticidad (p = 0.64). El diagrama de Bland-Altman indicó que no hubo diferencias significativas entre la ecuación y la medición del consumo máximo de oxígeno (p = 0.89), con un intervalo de confianza de 0.054 ml·kg·min-1 (95% IC [-0.72; 0.83]). La ecuación predice el consumo máximo de oxígeno. Se sugiere evaluar estudiantes universitarios considerando diferencias biológicas y ambientales entre países.

Abstract The six-minute walk test has been generally applied in people with pathologies and some studies have proposed models to predict maximum oxygen consumption. Our objective was to elaborate on an equation to predict the maximum oxygen consumption in the six-minute walking test for university students. A hundred and forty people participated in this study. The six-minute walking test was applied and after on a gradual exercise test was performed to determine the maximum oxygen consumption. A multivariate equation was developed and the analysis was done using the SPSS v.22 program (p < 0.05). The predictive model include gender, age, body mass index, distance performed and heart rate recovery (r = 0.83; p < 0.001). The equation fulfilled the assumptions of independence (p = 0.13), normality (p = 0.49) and homoscedasticity (p = 0.64). The Bland-Altman diagram indicated that there were no significant differences between the equation and the measurement of the maximum oxygen consumption (p = 0.89), with a confidence interval of 0.054 ml·kg·min-1 (95% CI [-0.72; 0.83]). The equation predicts the maximum oxygen consumption. It is suggested to evaluate university students considering biological and environmental differences between countries.

Auto reporte de la velocidad de marcha y su asociación con marcadores de adiposidad y riesgo cardiovascular en Chile / Association of self-reported walking speed with markers of adiposity and cardiovascular risk in Chile

Background Walking speed is a strong predictor of non-communicable diseases and mortality. Aim To investigate the association of self-reported walking pace with adiposity, metabolic and cardiovascular markers in the Chilean population. Material and Methods Analysis of data from 5,077 participants of the 2009-2010 National Health Survey (ENS 2009-2010). Walking speed was self-reported as average or slow pace. Body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), blood pressure, blood glucose, glycosylated hemoglobin and lipid profile were the outcome. Results In Chile, 11% (95% confidence intervals [CI]: 10.0; 12.7) of the population reported a slow walking pace. Compared with average walking people, those reporting a slow pace had a higher body weight (difference (∆) 5.65 kg [95% CI: 3.22; 8.09], p < 0.01), BMI (D 2.48 kg/m 2 [95% CI: 1.53; 3.44], p < 0.01), WC (D 6.23 cm [95% CI: 4.12; 8.34], p < 0.01), serum triglycerides (D 30,9 mg/dl [95% CI: 5,31; 57,5], p = 0.018), and lower HDL cholesterol (D -2.32 mg/dl [95% CI: -4,24; -0,34], p = 0.022). Those reporting a slow pace had also a higher odd of being obese (odds ratio (OR): 2.46 [95% CI: 1.82; 3.33], p < 0.01), being diabetic (OR: 1.54 [95% CI: 1.02; 2.40], p = 0.018) and having metabolic syndrome (OR: 2.03 [95% CI: 1.30; 3.18], p = 0.002). Conclusions In Chilean adults, slow walking pace is associated with and unfavorable adiposity and lipid profile, including a higher probability of being obese, diabetic and having metabolic syndrome.

Adiposidad corporal, estilos de vida y nivel de actividad física en mujeres dueñas de casa y trabajadoras remuneradas chilenas / Adiposity, healthy lifestyle and physical activity levels in housewives and women with paid employment in Chile

RESUMEN En Chile existe escasa evidencia en relación a las características de los estilos de vida en mujeres dueñas de casa versus mujeres con trabajos renumerados. El objetivo del estudio fue comparar marcadores de adiposidad, hábitos de consumo asociados a estilos de vida y nivel de actividad física (AF) en mujeres dueñas de casa y trabajadoras remuneradas chilenas. Se compararon variables de adiposidad como el índice de masa corporal (IMC), peso corporal, perímetro de cintura (PC), estilos de vida y niveles de AF (transporte, moderada y vigorosa intensidad y tiempo sedente) de 2.232 participantes de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud 2009-2010. Las dueñas de casa, en comparación con las trabajadoras renumeradas, presentaron un mayor IMC (27,9 vs. 20,0 kg/m2, <0,0001) y PC (98,3 vs. 95,6 cm, <0,0001). El tiempo destinado a la práctica de AF de trasporte (42,5 vs. 51,5 min/día, p= 0,009), moderada (94,2 vs. 128,4 min/día, <0,0001) y vigorosa (25,06 vs. 53,49 min/día, <0,0001) fue menor en dueñas de casa que en trabajadoras renumeradas. Por el contrario, las dueñas de casa destinaron menor tiempo al desarrollo de actividades sedentes (2,71 vs. 3,26 horas/día, <0,0001), además mostraron un menor consumo de alcohol (30,5 vs. 43,2 g/día, p= 0,021) en comparación a trabajadoras renumeradas.

ABSTRACT Lifestyle behaviours among women who take care of their home duties (housewives) and women who are currently working in paid employment is unknown in the Chilean population. The aim of this study was, therefore, to characterise adiposity, lifestyle behaviours and physical activity levels in housewives and women with paid employment in Chile. A total of 2,231 women from the National Health Survey 2009-2010 were included in this study. Adiposity markers (body weight, body mass index and waist circumference), lifestyle behaviors and physical activity were measured using self-reported questionnaires. The main findings of this study was that housewives had a higher body mass index (27,9 vs. 20,0 kg/m2, <0,0001) and waist circumference (98,3 vs. 95,6 cm, <0,0001) than women with paid-employment. Physical activity levels were lower (transport PA 42,5 vs. 51,5 min/day, p= 0,009, moderate PA 94,2 vs. 128,4 min/ day, <0,0001 and vigorous PA 25,06 vs. 53,49 min/day, <0,0001) and sedentary-related behaviours (2,71 vs. 3,26 hours/day, <0,0001) were higher in housewives compare to women with paid-employment. Dietary behaviors showed that housewives consume less alcohol (30,5 vs. 43,2 g/day, p= 0,021) than women with paid-employment.

Un modelo para predecir el consumo de oxígeno según signos vitales y hábitos de vida en estudiantes universitarios / A model to predict maximal oxygen uptake using vital signs and lifestyles in university students

Background Maximal oxygen uptake (V̇O 2 max) is measured using maximal and submaximal exercise tests or can be predicted using demographic variables, body adiposity, vital signs and lifestyles. Aim To elaborate an equation to predict the V̇O 2 max in the absence of cardiopulmonary test in university students. Material and Methods V̇O 2 max was measured directly using a cardiopulmonary test on a treadmill in 121 students aged 22 ± 2 years (59 males). Data about drug and medication use, physical activity [PA], vital signs at rest, and basic anthropometry were collected. The independent variables were included in a multivariate equation and the validity of the model was checked through distribution assumptions and according to the concordance limits of the Bland-Altman diagram. Results The best predictive equation for V̇O 2 max incorporated sex, age, body mass index, blood pressure, heart rate, smoking habits and PA as independent variables. The distributional assumptions were fulfilled (p > 0.05), there were no differences between the equation and the measurement of V̇O 2 max (p = 0.854) with a bias of -0.08 ml·kg·min -1 (95% confidence intervals [-0.95; 0.78]). Conclusions The resulting equation predicts V̇O 2 max based on body adiposity, physiological parameters and life habits.

Caracterización de los estilos de vida en dueñas de casa chilenas: análisis de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud 2009-2010 / Lifestyles of Chilean housewives: analysis of the 2009-2010 Chilean Health Survey

Background: Housewives represent a important proportion of the Chilean population. However, there is limited evidence about their lifestyles. Aim: To characterize lifestyles and determine the level of compliance with healthy lifestyles guidelines of housewives in Chile. Material and Methods: Housewives from the 2009-2010 National Health Survey were included. The variables studied included levels of physical activity (PA), sedentary behavior, diet, hours of sleep and smoking. Compliance with healthy lifestyle behaviors was evaluated through logistic regression, granting a value of 1 for compliance and 0 for non-compliance. A healthy lifestyle was defined as meeting at least four healthy behaviors. Results: Housewives aged > 55 years had a higher BMI and waist circumference compared to those aged < 40 years. Housewives were also more likely to report moderate alcohol consumption and were more likely to meet a healthier lifestyle score (Odds ratio = 1.52 [95% confidence intervals: 1.09 to 2.11], p = 0.013). No significant age trends were observed for other lifestyle behaviors. Conclusions: Housewives had high levels of central obesity, excess body weight and high levels of salt intake but low alcohol intake. Their healthy lifestyles behaviors increased along with increasing age.